Völkerpsychologie as a field science: José Miguel de Barandiarán and Basque ethnology.

José Miguel de Barandiarán considered the central figure of Basque anthropology, played a prominent role in the Basque people's cultural rescue (material and spiritual). His dual status as an ethnologist and priest prepared him to study collective mentalities and rural societies. However, the scientific approach of the Völkerpsychologie (roughly translated as ethnic psychology), as proposed by Wilhelm Wundt, greatly influenced him and aroused broad interests of ethnological and sociological-religious concerns. This essay examines the scope and depth of Wundt's influence on Barandiarán, and suggests that, by combining the techniques of folklore with those of ethnography, Barandiarán stamped Basque anthropology with a unique defining quality in Europe.

[Use of Roll Your Own Tobacco in the Basque Country: magnitude, socio-economic inequalities and evolution in the period 2013-2018]. / Consumo de tabaco de liar en el País Vasco: magnitud, desigualdades socioeconómicas y evolución en el periodo 2013-2018.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the global reduction in smoking, the consumption of roll-your-own tobacco has increased in recent years in many countries, which may be slowing down the downward trend in smoking. The aim of this paper was to analyse the evolution of the number of people who use roll-your-own tobacco and tobacco of any type between 2013 and 2018 in the Basque Country and measure whether there were socioeconomic inequalities in its consumption. METHODS: We carried out an observational and cross-sectional study of a representative sample of the population living in the Basque Country aged 16 to 59 years (n2013=6929 y n2018=7961) from the Basque Health Survey (2013 and 2018) and the Basque Addictions Survey (2018). We calculated prevalences of regular tobacco smoking in general and of roll-your-own cigarettes according to different socioeconomic variables for the years 2013 and 2018, as well as prevalence ratios for the estimation of change between these years and according to the above variables through robust Poisson regression models. We stratified analyses by sex and two age groups. RESULTS: Overall smoking prevalence decreased between 2013 (men=27.7% and women=24.1%) and 2018 but remained the same for those who used roll-your-own tobacco (in 2013, men=5.1% and women=3.2%; in 2018=5.4% and 3.5%, respectively). In contrast to tobacco in general, which showed a clear socio-economic gradient, roll-your-own tobacco use was more prevalent among young people (in 2018, men=6.4% and women=4.1%), a group where the pattern by socio-economic status was less evident. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the persistence of roll-your-own tobacco consumption, we also should direct tobacco control towards this kind of product, and its use should be monitored and supervised, especially among young people.

OBJECTIVE: A pesar de la reducción del número de personas fumadoras a nivel mundial, el consumo de tabaco de liar ha aumentado en los últimos años en muchos países, lo que puede frenar la tendencia descendente del hábito tabáquico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la evolución del número de personas que consumen tabaco de liar y tabaco de cualquier tipo entre 2013 y 2018 en el País Vasco y determinar si existían desigualdades socioeconómicas en su consumo. METHODS: Se realizó un estudio observacional y transversal de una muestra representativa de la población residente en el País Vasco de dieciséis a cincuenta y nueve años (n2013=6.929 y n2018=7.961) a partir de la Encuesta de Salud del País Vasco (años 2013 y 2018) y de la Encuesta sobre Adicciones de Euskadi (2018). Se calcularon las prevalencias de consumo habitual de tabaco en general y de tabaco de liar según diferentes variables socioeconómicas para los años 2013 y 2018, así como las razones de prevalencia para la estimación del cambio entre esos años y según las variables anteriores mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson robusto. Los análisis se estratificaron por sexo y por dos grupos de edad. RESULTS: La prevalencia de consumo de tabaco en general disminuyó entre 2013 (hombres=27,7% y mujeres=24,1%) y 2018 (hombres=24,1% y mujeres=18,6%), pero se mantuvo en el caso del consumo de tabaco de liar (en 2013, hombres=5,1% y mujeres=3,2%; en 2018, 5,4% y 3,5%, respectivamente). A diferencia del consumo de tabaco en general, que presentó un claro gradiente socioeconómico, el consumo de tabaco de liar fue más prevalente entre las personas jóvenes (en 2018, hombres=6,4% y mujeres=4,1%), grupo en el que el patrón por posición socioeconómica era menos evidente. CONCLUSIONS: Considerando la persistencia en el consumo de tabaco de liar, es preciso dirigir también la lucha contra el tabaquismo hacia este tipo de productos, así como vigilar y monitorizar su consumo, especialmente entre las personas jóvenes.

Consumo de tabaco de liar en el País Vasco: magnitud, desigualdades socioeconómicas y evolución en el periodo 2013-2018 / Use of Roll Your Own Tobacco in the Basque Country: magnitude, socio-economic inequalities and evolution in the period 2013-2018

Fundamentos: A pesar de la reducción del número de personas fumadoras a nivel mundial, el consumo de tabaco de liar ha aumentado en los últimos años en muchos países, lo que puede frenar la tendencia descendente del hábito tabáquico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la evolución del número de personas que consumen tabaco de liar y tabaco de cualquier tipo entre 2013 y 2018 en el País Vasco y determinar si existían desigualdades socioeconómicas en su consumo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y transversal de una muestra representativa de la población residente en el País Vasco de dieciséis a cincuenta y nueve años (n 2013=6.929 y n 2018=7.961) a partir de la Encuesta de Salud del País Vasco (años 2013 y 2018) y de la Encuesta sobre Adicciones de Euskadi (2018). Se calcularon las prevalencias de consumo habitual de tabaco en general y de tabaco de liar según diferentes variables socioeconómicas para los años 2013 y 2018, así como las razones de prevalencia para la estimación del cambio entre esos años y según las variables anteriores mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson robusto. Los análisis se estratificaron por sexo y por dos grupos de edad. RESULTADOS // La prevalencia de consumo de tabaco en general disminuyó entre 2013 (hombres=27,7% y mujeres=24,1%) y 2018 (hombres=24,1% y mujeres=18,6%), pero se mantuvo en el caso del consumo de tabaco de liar (en 2013, hombres=5,1% y mujeres=3,2%; en 2018, 5,4% y 3,5%, respectivamente). A diferencia del consumo de tabaco en general, que presentó un claro gradiente socioeconómico, el consumo de tabaco de liar fue más prevalente entre las personas jóvenes (en 2018, hombres=6,4% y mujeres=4,1%), grupo en el que el patrón por posición socioeconómica era menos evidente. Conclusiones: Considerando la persistencia en el consumo de tabaco de liar, es preciso dirigir también la lucha contra el tabaquismohacia...(AU)

Background: Despite the global reduction in smoking, the consumption of roll-your-own tobacco has increased in recent years in many countries, which may be slowing down the downward trend in smoking. The aim of this paper was to analyse the evolution of the number of people who use roll-your-own tobacco and tobacco of any type between 2013 and 2018 in the Basque Country and measure whether there were socioeconomic inequalities in its consumption. Methods: We carried out an observational and cross-sectional study of a representative sample of the population living in the Basque Country aged 16 to 59 years (n2013=6929 y n2018=7961) from the Basque Health Survey (2013 and 2018) and the Basque Addictions Survey (2018). We calculated prevalences of regular tobacco smoking in general and of roll-your-own cigarettes according to different socioeconomic variables for the years 2013 and 2018, as well as prevalence ratios for the estimation of change between these years and according to the above variables through robust Poisson regression models. We stratified analyses by sex and two age groups.Results: Overall smoking prevalence decreased between 2013 (men=27.7% and women=24.1%) and 2018 but remained the same for those who used roll-your-own tobacco (in 2013, men=5.1% and women=3.2%; in 2018=5.4% and 3.5%, respectively). In contrast to tobacco in general, which showed a clear socio-economic gradient, roll-your-own tobacco use was more prevalent among young people (in 2018, men=6.4% and women=4.1%), a group where the pattern by socio-economic status was less evident.Conclusions: Considering the persistence of roll-your-own tobacco consumption, we also should direct tobacco control towards this kind of product, and its use should be monitored and supervised, especially among young people.(AU)

Hasta el último hombre (2016) y el personal médico de la Sanidad Militar de Euzkadi durante la Guerra Civil (1936-1937) / Hacksaw Ridge (2016) and the Healthcare Workers of the Basque Military Health Services During the Civil War (1936-1937)

Hasta el último hombre (2016) de Mel Gibson representa perfectamente la brutalidad de la guerra y una de sus contradicciones: aquellos que luchan juntos, pero mientras unos van armados y dispuestos a matar, los otros van desarmados y listos para arrebatar víctimas a la propia muerte. Soldados y sanitarios de primera línea no siempre bien avenidos, pero unidos por las circunstancias bélicas.A través de Hasta el último hombre (2016) y más concretamente estudiando su personaje principal, Desmond Doss, queremos analizar el personal de primera línea de la Sanidad Militar de Euzkadi durante la Guerra Civil española. Saber qué tipo de personal sanitario compartió el campo de batalla, cuáles eran sus funciones e identificar en qué categoría del personal sanitario de Euzkadi se encuadraría Desmond Doss. (AU)

War brutality is perfectly represented by Hacksaw Ridge (2016) by Mel Gibson, as well as one of its contradictions: among those men who fight together, there are some who are armed and ready to kill, whereas others are unarmed and ready to snatch casualties from the death itself. Relations between front line soldiers and healthcare workers were not always harmonius, but they were put together under war circumstances.Through «Hacksaw Ridge», and focusing on its main character, who is called Desmond Doos, we intend to analyze the front line personnel of the military health service of Euzkadi during the Spanish Civil War. Also, we want to identify in which healthcare personnel category Desmond Doss would fit within, which his role would have been, as well as with who other type of health workers he would have shared battlefield. (AU)

Real-life results in treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration with anti-VEGF therapy. Analysis of 122 patients from a single centre.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has improved significantly since the advent of antiangiogenic treatments. However, several «real life¼ studies have shown lower number of injections and a markedly worse visual prognosis than pivotal clinical trials. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness and safety of the treatment of neovascular AMD and analyse clinical factors related to the functional and structural prognosis in routine clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective, observational, single-centre study that included 143 eyes of 122 patients diagnosed with neovascular AMD between the years 2015 and 2016, who received treatment with antiangiogenic drugs and were followed up for two or more years. RESULTS: Visual acuity improved in 45% of patients after two years of treatment. The mean decrease in central macular thickness was 85 µm (p < 0.001) and the mean number of injections was 13. Retinal pigment epithelium rupture was present in 3.5%. Ranibizumab was the drug most used as a first option, although 79 patients (55.2%) required a change in treatment, most being switched to aflibercept. A greater number of visits (p < 0.001) and a lower number of injections (p < 0.01) were predictors of worse structural outcome. The number of visits was associated with better visual acuity (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The treatment has demonstrated its efficacy by improving visual acuity and central macular thickness. However, the number of injections performed has generally been higher than in other real-life studies.

Resultados de vida real en el tratamiento de la degeneración macular asociada a la edad neovascular con terapia anti-VEGF. Análisis de 122 pacientes de un solo centro / Real-life results in treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration with anti-VEGF therapy. Analysis of 122 patients from a single centre

Antecedentes El pronóstico de la degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) ha mejorado significativamente desde la aparición de los tratamientos antiangiogénicos. Sin embargo, diversos estudios realizados en «vida real» han demostrado un número de inyecciones inferior y un pronóstico visual notablemente peor de los ensayos clínicos pivotales. Objetivo Valorar la efectividad y seguridad del tratamiento de la DMAE neovascular y analizar factores clínicos relacionados con el pronóstico funcional y estructural en la práctica clínica habitual. Materiales y métodos Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y unicéntrico. Se incluyeron 143 ojos de 122 pacientes diagnosticados de DMAE neovascular entre los años 2015 y 2016, que recibieron tratamiento con antiangiogénicos y con un seguimiento de dos o más años. Resultados La agudeza visual mejoró en el 45% de pacientes tras dos años de tratamiento. La disminución media de grosor macular central fue de 85 μm (p < 0,001) y el número medio de inyecciones fue de 13. Un 3,5% presentó una rotura del epitelio pigmentario. Ranibizumab fue el más utilizado como primera opción, aunque 79 pacientes (55,2%) requirieron un cambio de fármaco, pasando la mayoría a ser tratados con aflibercept. Fueron predictores de peor resultado estructural un mayor número de visitas (p < 0,001) y un menor número de inyecciones (p < 0,01). El número de visitas se asoció a mejor agudeza visual (p < 0,001). Conclusiones El tratamiento ha demostrado su eficacia mejorando la agudeza visual y el grosor macular central. Sin embargo, el número de inyecciones realizado ha sido en general superior al de otros estudios de vida real (AU)

Background The prognosis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has improved significantly since the advent of antiangiogenic treatments. However, several «real life» studies have shown lower number of injections and a markedly worse visual prognosis than pivotal clinical trials. Objective To assess the effectiveness and safety of the treatment of neovascular AMD and analyse clinical factors related to the functional and structural prognosis in routine clinical practice. Material and method Retrospective, observational, single-centre study that included 143 eyes of 122 patients diagnosed with neovascular AMD between the years 2015 and 2016, who received treatment with antiangiogenic drugs and were followed up for two or more years. Result Visual acuity improved in 45% of patients after two years of treatment. The mean decrease in central macular thickness was 85 microns (p < 0.001) and the mean number of injections was 13. Retinal pigment epithelium rupture was present in 3.5%. Ranibizumab was the drug most used as a first option, although 79 patients (55.2%) required a change in treatment, most being switched to aflibercept. A greater number of visits (p < 0.001) and a lower number of injections (p < 0.01) were predictors of worse structural outcome. The number of visits was associated with better visual acuity (p < 0.001). Conclusions The treatment has demonstrated its efficacy by improving visual acuity and central macular thickness. However, the number of injections performed has generally been higher than in other real-life studies (AU)

Incidence of Melanoma in the Basque Province of Álava, Spain, From 2015 to 2018: A Descriptive Study. / Estudio descriptivo de los pacientes diagnosticados de melanoma en la provincia de Álava (País Vasco) entre los años 2015 y 2018.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of cutaneous melanoma is rising fast, and its prevalence has doubled in the past 3 decades. Detailed local epidemiological information is essential for informing community-based prevention strategies and optimizing hospital resources. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included all patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma at Hospital Universitario Araba in the Basque province of Álava, Spain, between January 2015 and December 2018. We described clinical and pathologic characteristics and calculated annual incidence rates adjusted to the European standard population. RESULTS: A total of 242 new cases of melanoma were diagnosed between 2015 and 2018. The age-standardized annual incidence rose from 12.92 cases per 100 000 population in 2015 to 18.30 cases per 100 000 population in 2018. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of melanoma in our area is higher than that reported for Spanish series in 2017 and 2018. Lentigo maligna accounted for a high proportion of cases and was the second largest histologic subgroup.

Platos olvidados o de consumo ocasional en la gastronomía española: País Vasco / Forgotten dishes or occasional consumption in Spanish gastronomy: Basque Country

En un territorio no muy extenso, el mar y la montaña se abrazan creando un clima singular y una tierra privilegiada. Su cocina es el reflejo de la tierra, de la forma de vivir de los vascos y de su historia. La cocina vasca cuenta con un vasto recetario y una fuerte cocina popular. Al repertorio de alimentos presentes en la alimentación de los vascos se incorporaron nuevos productos procedentes del continente americano que con el tiempo desplazaron algunos de los alimentos básicos y se han convertido en clásicos imprescindibles en los fogones: alubias, tomates, pimientos. Una tradición culinaria basada en la calidad delos productos y técnicas sencillas que incorporaron procedimientos elaborados y sofisticados en el siglo XIX a partir de influencias europeas. A partir de 1977, el impulso de la nueva cocina vasca a permitido una extraordinaria evolución en la que conviven las nuevas tendencias con el culto a las tradiciones y peculiaridades gastronómicas, como los txokos y sociedades gastronómicas; los pintxos; sidrerías y tabernas. (AU)

In a not very extensive territory, the sea and the mountains embrace each other creating a unique climate and a privileged land. Its cuisine reflects the land, the Basque way of life and its history. Basque cuisinehas a vast recipe collection and a strong popular cuisine. New products from the American continent were added to the repertoire of foods present in the diet of the Basques. Over time displaced some of the basic foods and have become essential classics in the kitchen: beans, tomatoes, peppers. A culinary tradition based onthe quality of the products and simple techniques that incorporated elaborate and sophisticated procedures inthe 19th century based on European influences. Starting in 1977, the impulse of the new Basque cuisine has allowed an extraordinary evolution in which new trends coexist with the cult of gastronomic traditions and peculiarities, such as txokos and gastronomic societies; the pintxos; cider houses and taverns. (AU)

Estudio descriptivo de los pacientes diagnosticados de melanoma en la provincia de Álava (País Vasco) entre los años 2015 y 2018 / Incidence of Melanoma in the Basque Province of Álava, Spain, From 2015 to 2018: A Descriptive Study

Introducción: La incidencia del melanoma cutáneo está aumentando rápidamente y ha duplicado su prevalencia durante las últimas tres décadas. Tener un conocimiento detallado de la epidemiología local es fundamental para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención comunitaria y optimizar los recursos hospitalarios. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes diagnosticados de melanoma cutáneo en el Hospital Universitario Araba, en la provincia de Álava del País Vasco, entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2018. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables clínico-patológicas y un análisis de la incidencia ajustado a la población europea. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 242 nuevos casos de melanoma entre 2015 y 2018. La incidencia estandarizada por edad ha aumentado de 12,92 en 2015 a 18,30 casos por 100.000 habitantes y año en 2018. Conclusiones: Hemos observado una incidencia de melanoma más elevada que en la publicada en series nacionales en los años 2017 y 2018. Además, existe una gran proporción del subtipo histológico de tipo lentigo maligno, ocupando el segundo subtipo histológico en frecuencia (AU)

Introduction: The incidence of cutaneous melanoma is rising fast, and its prevalence has doubled in the past 3 decades. Detailed local epidemiological information is essential for informing community-based prevention strategies and optimizing hospital resources. Material and methods: We included all patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma at Hospital Universitario Araba in the Basque province of Álava, Spain, between January 2015 and December 2018. We described clinical and pathologic characteristics and calculated annual incidence rates adjusted to the European standard population. Results: A total of 242 new cases of melanoma were diagnosed between 2015 and 2018. The age-standardized annual incidence rose from 12.92 cases per 100 000 population in 2015 to 18.30 cases per 100 000 population in 2018. Conclusions: The incidence of melanoma in our area is higher than that reported for Spanish series in 2017 and 2018. Lentigo maligna accounted for a high proportion of cases and was the second largest histologic subgrou (AU)

[Translated article] Incidence of Melanoma in the Basque Province of Álava, Spain, From 2015 to 2018: A Descriptive Study / Estudio descriptivo de los pacientes diagnosticados de melanoma en la provincia de Álava (País Vasco) entre los años 2015 y 2018

Introduction: The incidence of cutaneous melanoma is rising fast, and its prevalence has doubled in the past 3 decades. Detailed local epidemiological information is essential for informing community-based prevention strategies and optimizing hospital resources. Material and methods: We included all patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma at Hospital Universitario Araba in the Basque province of Álava, Spain, between January 2015 and December 2018. We described clinical and pathologic characteristics and calculated annual incidence rates adjusted to the European standard population. Results: A total of 242 new cases of melanoma were diagnosed between 2015 and 2018. The age-standardized annual incidence rose from 12.92 cases per 100 000 population in 2015 to 18.30 cases per 100 000 population in 2018. Conclusions: The incidence of melanoma in our area is higher than that reported for Spanish series in 2017 and 2018. Lentigo maligna accounted for a high proportion of cases and was the second largest histologic subgrou (AU)

Introducción: La incidencia del melanoma cutáneo está aumentando rápidamente y ha duplicado su prevalencia durante las últimas tres décadas. Tener un conocimiento detallado de la epidemiología local es fundamental para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención comunitaria y optimizar los recursos hospitalarios. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes diagnosticados de melanoma cutáneo en el Hospital Universitario Araba, en la provincia de Álava del País Vasco, entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2018. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables clínico-patológicas y un análisis de la incidencia ajustado a la población europea. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 242 nuevos casos de melanoma entre 2015 y 2018. La incidencia estandarizada por edad ha aumentado de 12,92 en 2015 a 18,30 casos por 100.000 habitantes y año en 2018. Conclusiones: Hemos observado una incidencia de melanoma más elevada que en la publicada en series nacionales en los años 2017 y 2018. Además, existe una gran proporción del subtipo histológico de tipo lentigo maligno, ocupando el segundo subtipo histológico en frecuencia (AU)

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines.

In the late autumn of 2018 and 2019, some samples taken by the official monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Basque Country were found to be paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-positive using a mouse bioassay. To confirm the presence of PSP toxins and to obtain their profile, these samples were analyzed using an optimized version of the Official Method AOAC 2005.06 and using LC-MS/MS (HILIC). The presence of some PSP toxins (PSTs) in that geographical area (~600 km of coast) was confirmed for the first time. The estimated toxicities ranged from 170 to 983 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg-1 for the AOAC 2005.06 method and from 150 to 1094 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg-1 for the LC-MS/MS method, with a good correlation between both methods (r2 = 0.94). Most samples contained STX, GTX2,3, and GTX1,4, and some also had NEO and dcGTX2. All of the PSP-positive samples also contained gymnodimine A, with the concentrations of the two groups of toxins being significantly correlated. The PSP toxin profiles suggest that a species of the genus Alexandrium was likely the causative agent. The presence of gymnodimine A suggests that A. ostenfeldii could be involved, but the contribution of a mixture of Alexandrium species cannot be ruled out.

Integration of health care in the Basque Country during COVID-19: the importance of an integrated care management approach in times of emergency.

The main objective of this study is to analyse the process of integration of health care implemented in the public health system (Osakidetza) of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country (CAPV), and assess whether the steps taken to date have helped or hindered the work of health personnel in times of COVID-19. Based on a case study, an assessment is made of the way in which certain tools of the integration process have been applied, if they have worked well and if they have led to better management of the pandemic.For the purpose of this study, a qualitative methodology is chosen consisting of a case study and in-depth interviews with health personnel at the front line of the integration process and the fight against COVID-19.This study makes two fundamental contributions. First, it analyses the health integration process in recent years in the public health system of the Basque Country. Second, it gathers the perceptions of different agents related to the Basque Health System of the way in which the tools of the integration process implemented in recent years have worked during the pandemic, detailing the positive and negative perceptions in this regard.Our conclusions offer a series of strategic recommendations linked to comprehensive patient care and the use of tools related to teleconsulting: the unified medical record, electronic prescription, and non-face-to-face care channels.

At the tip of an iceberg: citizen science and active surveillance collaborating to broaden the known distribution of Aedes japonicus in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Active surveillance aimed at the early detection of invasive mosquito species is usually focused on seaports and airports as points of entry, and along road networks as dispersion paths. In a number of cases, however, the first detections of colonizing populations are made by citizens, either because the species has already moved beyond the implemented active surveillance sites or because there is no surveillance in place. This was the case of the first detection in 2018 of the Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus, in Asturias (northern Spain) by the citizen science platform Mosquito Alert. METHODS: The collaboration between Mosquito Alert, the Ministry of Health, local authorities and academic researchers resulted in a multi-source surveillance combining active field sampling with broader temporal and spatial citizen-sourced data, resulting in a more flexible and efficient surveillance strategy. RESULTS: Between 2018 and 2020, the joint efforts of administrative bodies, academic teams and citizen-sourced data led to the discovery of this species in northern regions of Spain such as Cantabria and the Basque Country. This raised the estimated area of occurrence of Ae. japonicus from < 900 km2 in 2018 to > 7000 km2 in 2020. CONCLUSIONS: This population cluster is geographically isolated from any other population in Europe, which raises questions about its origin, path of introduction and dispersal means, while also highlighting the need to enhance surveillance systems by closely combining crowd-sourced surveillance with public health and mosquito control agencies' efforts, from local to continental scales. This multi-actor approach for surveillance (either passive and active) shows high potential efficiency in the surveillance of other invasive mosquito species, and specifically the major vector Aedes aegypti which is already present in some parts of Europe.

[The role of Public Health as a key to the success of the neonatal screening program in the Basque Country.] / El papel de la Salud Publica como clave del éxito del Programa de Cribado Neonatal en el País Vasco.

Neonatal Screening Programs (PCN) have widely demonstrated their benefits since Dr. Guthrie published his developments on Phenylketonuria (PKU) in 1961. This paper describes how a simple and effective organization, which incorporates all the fundamental actors under the responsibility of the Public Health Directorate (DSP), has managed to ensure that the PCN of the Basque Country meets all the objectives required for a population screening. The acceptance by Basque society of the PCN allowed it to exceed 95% coverage in its second year of operation. Likewise, the limited negative social impact of PCN is evidenced by its low number of false positives and incorrect samples. Excellent response times allow every newborn with a positive result to have an early diagnosis and optimal initiation of treatment. There are two relevant experiences that support the importance of the effective exercise of the responsibility of the DSP. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) was incorporated into the PCN in 1991 meeting all technical and clinical criteria. At the request of the experts, the DSP ordered in 1993 to cease this activity showing that it did not provide the expected benefits. The problems of organically integrating the PCN into the healthcare system were also experienced. The need to compete for resources put public health activities, including the PCN, at risk and led to their return to direct dependence on the DSP. The availability of this structure, in addition to facilitating the incorporation of other screenings, allows facing the future challenges.

Los Programas de Cribado Neonatal (PCN) han demostrado ampliamente sus beneficios desde que en 1961 el Dr. Guthrie publicó sus trabajos sobre Fenilcetonuria (PKU). En este trabajo se describe cómo una organización sencilla y eficaz, que incorpora a todos los actores fundamentales bajo la responsabilidad de la Dirección de Salud Pública (DSP), ha conseguido que el PCN del País Vasco cumpla con todos los objetivos exigibles a un cribado poblacional. La aceptación por la sociedad vasca del PCN permitió superar el 95% de cobertura en su segundo año de funcionamiento. Asimismo, el limitado impacto social negativo del PCN se evidencia por su reducido número de falsos positivos y de muestras incorrectas. Los excelentes tiempos de respuesta permiten que todo recién nacido con resultado positivo disponga de un diagnóstico temprano y de un inicio óptimo del tratamiento. Hay dos experiencias relevantes que avalan la importancia del ejercicio eficaz de la responsabilidad de la DSP. La hiperplasia adrenal congénita (HAC) se incorporó en 1991 al PCN, cumpliendo con todos los criterios técnicos y clínicos. A petición de los expertos, la DSP ordenó en 1993 cesar esta actividad al evidenciar que no aportaba los beneficios esperados. También se experimentaron los problemas de integrar orgánicamente el PCN en el sistema asistencial. La necesidad de competir por los recursos puso en riesgo las actividades de Salud Pública, incluyendo el PCN, lo que provocó su retorno a la dependencia directa de la DSP. La disponibilidad de esta estructura, además de facilitar la incorporación de otros cribados, permite afrontar los retos del futuro.

Everyday Life Theories of Emotions in Conflicts From Bali, the Spanish Basque Country, and the German Ruhr Area.

This article presents findings from a cross-cultural study on emotions in conflicts in Bali, the Spanish Basque Country, and the German Ruhr Area. The study had two aims: (1) to investigate the ways in which individuals make sense of how emotions, their expressions, and interaction conflicts are interrelated and (2) to compare the findings from the three regions. A particular interest was to explore and compare everyday life emotion theories. Ten semistructured interviews were conducted in each region. This method was triangulated with cross-cultural narrative interpretations and the task of relating emotion words to conflicts. The data were subjected to qualitative content analysis. The results show that partly different emotions were related to conflicts in the three datasets and that similar emotions may differ in antecedents, conceptual foundation, and behavioral consequences. Emotions similar to anger were commonly related to conflicts. In Bali, this emotion was mainly expressed through silence and rather hypocognated. The respective emotions received a deeper conceptual analysis and also served as conflict models in the other regions. Emotions similar to pride were related to the prolongation of conflicts in the Basque Country, considered causes of conflicts in the Ruhr Area, but were not related to conflicts in Bali. All three datasets show that the main indicators used to ascribe emotions to others are not facial expressions but subtle nuances and omissions of typical behavior and conventionalized signs. In the Basque Country, the emotions respeto and confianza form a continuum for the codification of interpersonal distance that produces different levels of expressiveness. These emotions act as a culture-specific socioemotional means of emotion regulation. The Balinese emotion lek has a similar function, as it neutralizes emotions similar to anger at their onset, acting as a substitute for deliberate forms of emotion regulation. All three datasets indicate that a hydraulic model is employed to conceptualize emotions, although the suppression of expressions is not pathologized in Bali but considered rather difficult to achieve. The communicative imaginaries of how emotions are experienced were surprisingly similar, with the exception that in Bali emotions are situated in the liver and described with a gustatory nomenclature.

Soft-bottom community responses in a marine area influenced by recurrent dumping activities and freshwater discharges.

The results of a 3 years monitoring program to assess the effects associated with recurrent dredged spoil disposal activity in a naturally stressed subtidal coastal area subjected to estuarine inputs are described. Changes observed through time in environmental and anthropogenic variables have been analyzed using cumulated sums and compared to macrobenthic community structure. Results revealed a scarce impact of the recurrent dumping activities, with faunal assemblages derived from the main "Tellina-venus community". The magnitude of estuarine influence appeared indeed greater on the soft-bottom community than the putative changes due to anthropogenic activities. Through a combination of high energetic conditions, structural changes were observed and ascribed to a flushing action of the highly channeled estuary. Finally, an exceptional flood was recorded over the monitoring period, resulting in a short-term spatial homogenization of the benthic community with an abundance burst of A. alba. Origins of this main new species are discussed.

[Estimating the number of COVID-19 cases using a web-based tool: Results from the first week of the 'Covid-19 Trends' project in the Basque Country]. / Estimando el número de casos de COVID-19 mediante una herramienta web: resultados de la primera semana del proyecto «Covid-19 Trends¼ en Euskadi.

OBJECTIVE: In the Basque Country, two cases of COVID-19 were diagnosed on February 28 2020. On March 14, the Spanish Government established a state of alarm. Only cases confirmed by molecular biology (reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]) were known. We launched a web-based surveillance tool to estimate the number of symptomatic cases of COVID-19 to contribute to Public Health decision-making. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We implemented an anonymous web questionnaire and disseminated it through online social media social. We collected epidemiological information about «time¼ (date of onset of symptoms), «place¼ (zip code), and «person¼ (gender, age). We compared cases detected by RT-PCR with the estimated cases, according to the case definition of the Ministry of Health. We calculated the questionnaire response rate and the cumulative incidence at 14days. RESULTS: Between March 19 and 26, 128,009 people answered the questionnaire (5.5% of the Basque population). Of these, 26,375 met the case definition (symptom prevalence of 21.4%). The estimated cases were almost six times more than COVID-19 positive RT-PCR. The estimated 14-day cumulative incidence was 578.3 per 100,000 population compared to RT-PCR positive cases, which was 139.6 per 100,000 population. CONCLUSIONS: This tool was useful in estimating the minimum number of symptomatic cases in the Basque Country, which could support Public Health actions.

Stressful Life Events and Depressive Symptomatology Among Basque Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Attachment Representations.

The occurrence of stressful life events is a risk factor for psychopathology in adolescence. Depression is a problem of notable clinical importance that has a negative psychosocial impact on adolescents and which has considerable social, educational, and economic costs. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between stressful life events and depressive symptomatology in adolescence, taking into account the effect that attachment representations may have on this relation. Participants were 1653 adolescents (951 girls) aged between 13 and 18 years. The sample was selected by means of a random sampling procedure based on the availability of schools to participate. Data were collected at two time points: attachment and stressful life events were assessed first, and symptoms of depression were evaluated eight to nine months later. Two time points were used in order to better analyze the mediating role of attachment security. Stressful life events were recorded using the Inventory of Stressful Life Events, attachment was evaluated by the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (mother, father, and peer versions), and depressive symptomatology was assessed through the Children's Depression Scale. In all cases, the Basque version of these scales was used. The results indicated that attachment to parents was a mediating variable in the relationship between stressful life events and depressive symptomatology. Contrary to what we expected, the results indicate that stressful life events did not have a negative effect on peer attachment, and neither did the latter variable act as a mediator of the relationship between stressful life events and depressive symptoms. It can be concluded that attachment-based interventions may be especially useful for reducing depression symptoms among adolescents. The findings also suggest a role for interventions that target parent-child attachment relationships.

The personal and professional face of the Basque urologist José Julián Guimón Rezola (1898-1980). / Semblante humano y profesional del urólogo vasco José Julián Guimón y Rezola (1898­1980).

OBJECTIVE: To understand certain outstanding aspects of the life of the Basque surgeon and urologist Julián Guimón Rezola. His personal and bibliographic documentary legacy helps reconstruct his works and personal character. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analysed the written works of Julián Guimón Rezola and a collection of documents, letters, photographs, illustrations and objects from his personal and professional life, accessed through his family. We analysed the content of the author's main publications and related the documents to historic facts. RESULTS: Julián Guimón Rezola was an upstanding individual, a father, a family man and a nationalist before the struggle, who was dedicated to his work and particularly to teaching and health management. He started his urological career under the direction of Francisco Pérez Andrés in the Santo Civil Hospital of Bilbao. He endured unjust repression for participating in the creation of the Basque University in 1936. Sentenced to life imprisonment, he stated a new life as a reclusive surgeon in the prison of Puerto de Santa María. He was pardoned three years later but was deprived of all his offices and disqualified from civil service. He founded his clinic and maintained his training in the United States. He presided over the Medical-Surgical Insurance Group of Bilbao (Igualatorio Médico-Quirúrgico) and, on 2 occasions, the Bilbao Academy of Medical Sciences. He was considerably active professionally and focused on social medicine and modern urology. He wrote 104 scientific articles, a number of which were of considerable quality and impact. We observed an evolution in the subject matter of these articles, all with exquisite professionalism and humanity. He corresponded with renowned practitioners and was admitted to the Spanish Royal National Academy of Medicine in 1970. He ended his career with an appointment as honorary professor at the University of the Basque Country 2 years before his death. CONCLUSIONS: Surgeon urologist Julián Guimón Rezola was a fundamental figure in Basque and Spanish medicine in the 20th century. He was the victim of a severe reprisal, not so much for political issues but rather for his institutional loyalty. However, he regained his professional and academic prestige. His written works reveal modern medicine with a considerable social foundation and the mind of a brilliant health manager.